Study Guide for Test 1 Biology 1113 FRTC

Test 1 will cover chapters 1 - 4. This study guide is not intended to take the place of reading the book and listening to lecture; however, it will help you study for your test.

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 1

Read the chapter.

Especially study page 13, orientation and directional terms

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Chapter 2

Terms

Atom

Proton (+ charge)

Electron (– charge)

Neutron (no charge)

Radioactive isotope

Understand ionic bonds versus covalent bonds

Ionic – give away or accept electrons

Covalent – share electrons

Carbon

Has four electrons in its outer shell; therefore it forms four covalent bonds.

Water

Liquid at room temperature; 2.a solvent for polar molecules, 3. cohesive, 4. stable temperature; 5. high heat of vaporization 6. frozen water is less dense than liquid water, ice floats

Hydrogen bonds ***

Hydrophobic- not water soluble, non-polar

Hydrophilic – water soluble, polar

pH of 7, neutral

Acid – releases hydrogen ions in solution, pH less than 7, example stomach acid

Base = alkaline – either release hydroxide ions or accept hydrogen ions, pH more than 7

Example- milk of magnesia, antacids

Buffers - help prevent extreme changes in pH.

Molecules of life

I. Carbohydrates

1. simple sugars, glucose

2. complex carbohydrates

a. starch – plants

b. glycogen – animals

3. cellulose – fiber

II. Lipids

1. fats

a. saturated, holds as many hydrogens as possible, solid at room temperature, comes from animal sources, unhealthy for you, causes heart disease

b. unsaturated, has some double bonds so does not hold as many hydrogens as possible, comes from plant sources, more healthy

2. phospholipids

a. cell wall

b. have hydrophobic and hydrophilic side

3. steroids

a. cholesterol – precursor to other steroids, excess associated with heart disease

b. sex hormones – estrogen and testerone

c. corticosteriods – involved in immune system, used for inflammation, abuse can cause serious health problems

d. anabolic steroids – Winstrol, Winstrol V, etc. used to cause increase in muscle mass. Side effects include aggression, depression, liver damage, cancer, high blood pressure, heart disease, shrinkage of testicles, sexual dysfunction.

e. Hint: anabolic steroid stuff will be on test

III. Proteins

1. structural proteins: hair, nails, collagen, give structural support

2. muscle contraction – actin and myosin

2. transport – hemoglobin

3. antibodies – immune system

4. enzymes – speed up chemical reactions

amino acids – "building block" or monomer of proteins

essential amino acids – amino acids you have to have in your diet

high quality protein – a protein with a lot of essential amino acids

fish is better than meat which is better than beans.

Proteins are amino acids that are joined together with peptide bonds; therefore called polypeptides

Denaturation – a permanent change in a protein’s structure, example: cooking an egg

IV. Nucleic acids

1. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid – genetic material, has code for forming proteins

2. RNA – ribonucleic acid – used in protein synthesis, takes code from DNA to ribosomes.

V. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

1. energy carrier of cell “the cells re-chargeable battery)

2. turns into ADP to release energy

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Chapter 3:

Cell Organelles

(These will be on your test) Successful students usually put these on flash cards and memorize them.

Plasma membrane – made of phospholipid, the outer layer of the cell

Nucleus – DNA and RNA synthesis, storage of genetic material

Ribosomes – protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum – a membrane involved with protein synthesis; rough because it has ribosomes on it

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – a membrane involved with lipid synthesis, detoxicification in liver cells

Golgi apparatus – packaging and transport

Vacuole and vesicles – sacs to store and transport

Lysosome – intracellular digestion

Mitochondria – powerhouse of cell (cellular respiration)

Cytoskeleton – shape of cell

Cilia – movement of cell, short structure

Flagella – movement of cell, long structure

(Movement of substances in cells)

Diffusion – movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis – diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane (equalized concentration on both sides of membrane)

Isotonic solution – no movement of water across membrane, same concentration as cell

Hypertonic solution – water moves out of the cell, solution is too concentrated

Hypotonic solution – water moves into the cell, solution too dilute

Endocytosis – cell taking in particles

Phagocytosis - cell taking in solid particles (cellular "eating")

Pinocytosis - cell taking in liquid droplest (cellular "drinking)

Exocytosis – cell sending out particles

Be prepared to discuss osmosis!

Other terms about cells

Enzymes – speeds up a chemical reaction

Coenzyme – helps enzymes work

Cellular respiration – the system in which cells turn glucose into usable energy (ATP)

Yeast fermentation – by product is alcohol, used for beverages; performed by fungi, yeasts

Fermentation – anaerobic metabolism, produces lactate (lactic acid) in mammals

The type of metabolism that we use to make energy for our muscles when the workload is greater than the oxygen supply. Trained athletes are conditioned to keep their oxygen supply higher.

Lactic acid buildup causes muscle soreness.

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Chapter 4: Tissues

Epithelial tissue

Squamous - flat

Cuboidal – cube shaped

Columnar – column shaped

Gland – secrete substances

Cell junctions

Tight – impermeable barrier

Gap – has channels for exchange of ions, etc

Adhesion – membranes do not touch, held together by filaments

Connective tissue

Loose fibrous connective tissue– covers and supports internal structures

Dense fibrous connective tissue – ligaments and tendons

Matrix – the noncellular portion of connective tissue

Fibroblasts – connective tissue cells

Adipose tissue – stores fat

Cartilage – cells lie in lacunae, poor blood supply

Hyaline cartilage – precursor to bone

Elastic cartilage – in outer ear

Fibrocartilage – intervertebral disks, knees

Bone – rigid connective, matrix has inorganic salts

Compact bone – bone cells are in lacunae, matrix of rings call osteons

Spongy bone – not as compact

Blood is classified as connective tissue

Muscle

Skeletal muscle – voluntary, attached to bones, cause body to move, fibers are very long, appears striated. Multinucleated.
smooth muscle – visceral muscle, spindle shaped cells, smooth in appearance microscopically, not voluntary, in blood vessels, guts
cardiac muscle – heart muscle, appears striated but has intercalated disks, not under voluntary control

Nervous tissue

Neuron – nerve cell

Cell body – contains nucleus

Dendrite – extension that conducts signals toward body

Axon – long extension, conducts signals from cell body to synapse

Myelin – coating of nerve fiber

Neuroglia – cells that support nerve cells

Microglia – engulf bacteria and debris

Astrocytes – provide nutrients and hormones

Oligodendrocytes – form myelin

Membranes

Mucous membranes – line tubes of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts; Secrete mucus

Serous membranes – line thoracic and peritoneal cavities and their organs, secrete watery "serous" fluid

Synovial membranes – line joint cavities

Meninges – cover brain and spinal cord

Peritonitis – inflammation of peritoneal cavity (abdominal cavity)

Integument – skin and accessory organs

Regions of skin

Epidermis – stratified squamous epithelium, surface of skin, innervated but not vascular

Dermis – connective tissue beneath epidermis, has blood vessels, hair cells, glands, nerves

Subcutaneous layer – beneath dermis, contains fat

Arrector pili – muscle that causes hair to stand up

Melanocytes – pigment cells in epidermis

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