Bio 1114 study guide 2
Sex chromosomes X and Y
Y determines maleness
XX female
XY male
Pseudohermaphrodite – accessory sex organs do not match gonads
True hermaphrodite – has male and female gonads (rare)
Gubernaculum – cord that helps testis descend into the scrotum
Cryptorchidism – retained testicle
Puberty – when all hell breaks loose and your children become evil
Menopause – when you become evil
Conceptus- Pregnant woman’s offspring
Embryo- Developemental stage from fertilization- 8 weeks
Gestation period- Period of pregnancy
Fetus- 9 weeks-Birth
Zygote- Fertilized egg
Fertilization- sperm fuses with egg
Acrosomal reaction- chemical reaction where sperm is breaking down the egg’s cell membrane
Cleavage-Rapid mitotic division of zygote after fertilization (produces blastocytes)
Morula-cluster of 16 or more cells after fertilization
Implantation-
Human chorionic gonadotropin-Lh like hormone
Placenta- temporary organ that provides fetus with nutrients and oxygen
Amnion- fetal membrane that forms a fluid filled sac around embryo
Amniotic fluid
Endoderm- embryonic germ layer
Mesoderm-primary germ layer that forms skeleton and muscles of the body
Ectoderm-forms epidermis of the skin and its derivatives and nervous tissue
Notochord- first axial support of the embryo
Organogenesis- formation of body organs and organ systems
Neurulation-
Coelum-ventral body cavity
Ductus venosus-venous shunt that bypass the liver sinusoids
Foramen ovale- opening in interatrial septum loosely closed by a flop of tissue
Ductus arteriosus- transfers blood directly into aorta, again by passing the pulmonary circuit
Teratogen-
Preeclampsia- insufficient placental blood supply that can starve fetus of oxygen
Parturition- giving birth
Surfactant-
Dilation- time from labor onset until cervixis fully dilates
Expulsion-
Afterbirth- placenta and fetal membrane
Meconium- tarry green-black paste containing sloughed-off epithelial, cells, bile, and other substances.
Heterozygous = different types of genes (alleles)
Homozygous = same type of genes (alleles)
Dominant = will show up if present (Uppercase letter)
Recessive = you have to have 2 of them (lowercase letter)
Genotype = type of genes (the letters)
Phenotype = how it looks
Who was the “father” of genetics?Gregor Mendel
1In monohybrid crosses, the first (homozygous) generation is called the
__P____ generation, the first hybrid offspring are called the ____F1______ generation, and the second generation of hybrid offspring are called the _____F2_______ generation.
Cells with homologous (2) sets of chromosomes are called ____diploid_____
Cells with a single set of chromosomes are called ______haploid____________
A fertilized egg is a _____zygote___________
A typical body cell is called a ___somatic____ cell
Different version of genes are called _____alleles________
An organism with two identical alleles for a trait is said to be _____homozygous_________
An organism with two different alleles for a trait is said to be _______heterozygous______
An allele that will be expressed even if heterozygous is _____dominant____________
An allele that will not be expressed unless it is homozygous is _____recessive___________
An animal that is both male and female is _____hermaphroditic
(noun = hermaphrodite)
Human skin color is the result of _____polygenic inheritance
If neither allele is totally dominant, such as red and white flowers making pink flowers, we say that we have ___incomplete_____ _____dominance_____
If both alleles have characteristics of dominance such as red and white color in a horse making roan color or human blood types, we say we have ______co-dominance__________
Which is male, which is female
XX _______female___________
XY ________male____________
Humans have ___46______ chromosomes or ___23______ pairs of chromosomes
Problems during mitosis can cause ____cancer____(or birth defects)___________
Problems during meiosis can cause _____birth defects______
A tumor that does not spread is said to be _____benign_____________
A tumor that does spread is said to be ______malignant____________
The process of cancer spreading is called ____metastasis_____________
A picture of chromosomes arranged in a specific order is called a _____karyotype_______________
An extra chromosome on chromosome 21 causes ____Down____ syndrome in humans.
The allele for color blindness is carried on the __X_______ chromosome.
Color blindness is most common in ______males___________
The allele for sickle cell disease is recessive. Natural selection has not eliminated the trait
because people who are carriers for sickle cell disease tend to be immune to ____malaria_______________________ which is a major
killer of people in