Bio 1114 study 3
Arteries – take blood away from the heart
Veins – return blood to the heart, have valves
Capillaries – allow exchange of material with tissues
Myocardium – heart muscle
Pericardium – sac around heart
Endocardium – inner surface of heart
Atrium – upper chambers of heart
Ventricles – lower chambers of heart
Septum – wall that separates left and right side of heart
Atrioventricular valves –
Left – bicuspid or mitral
Right – tricuspid
Semilunar valves – pulmonary and aortic
Nervous stimulation is not necessary for heart to beat.
Contraction is achieved by intrinsic electrical impulse (must have correct Na, K, and Ca concentrations)
Blood pressure –
Systolic pressure – highest number, happens when blood is ejected from heart
Diastolic pressure – lowest number, happens when heart is relaxed
ECG = EKG = electrocardiogram
– recording of electrical changes in the heart that occur during a cardiac cycle.
Test Question: Describe
the electrical pathway that controls a typical heartbeat.
Answer:
Electrical pathway -
1. sinoatrial node (SA node) in right atrium
2. through Purkinje fibers through both atrium
3. Impulse reconvenes at the atrioventricular (AV node) near the right AV valve
4. Purkinje fibers go through both ventricals
5. As a result of electrical impulse, first the atria contract, then the ventricals contract
Test Question: Describe
the pathway of blood throughout the entire body.
Answer:
Pathway of blood -
1. Blood comes from vena cava (inferior and superior, also called caudal and anterior) into right atrium.
2. Then to right ventrical
3. Then to pulmonary arteries (still not oxygenated)
4. To lungs
5. Pulmonary veins
6. Left atrium
7. Left ventrical
8. Aorta
9. Systemic arteries
10. capillaries
11. veins
12. Back to 1.
Because the left heart takes blood through the entire body, it is
bigger and more muscular
Because the right takes blood only through the lungs, the muscles are smaller
Define:
Systole
Diastole
Heart murmer
Angina pectoris
Cardiac output
Stroke volume
Regulation of heart rate
Nervous system:
Chemical
Define:
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Congestive heart failure
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Arterioles
Venules
Atherosclerosis
Fenestrated
Hypertension
Hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension
Tissue perfusion
How does blood return to the heart from the lower limbs?
Why do veins have valves?
Regulation of Blood Pressure – pg 730
Pg 740 Shock (what is it, what causes it, what do you do for it; for each type)
Lymph vessels
1. drain excess tissue fluid
2. transport fats from digestive system to the blood
Edema – accumulation of excess tissue fluid (may be seen as swollen feet, etc)
Lymph nodes – first line of defense against pathogens
Pathogens – disease causing organisms
Spleen – filters blood, stores extra red cells
Causes of heart disease – smoking, drug abuse, excess body weight, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, hypertension
Hypertension – high blood pressure
Thrombus – stationary blood clot
Embolus – blood clot that moves
Thromboembolism – blood clot that moved and then got stuck
Lymphocytes are formed in the bone marrow
They mature elsewhere
T lymphocytes – mature in thymus
B lympocytes – mature in bone marrow
Tonsils – lymphoid organs that help immune system
appendix – has a lot of lymphoid tissue to help immune system
Define:
elephantiasis
Hodgkin’s disease
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Lymphoma
Monomucleosis
Tonsillitis
Lacteal
Chyle
Lymphangitis
Thoracic duct