Anatomy AHS 1101  Study Guide 2

Chapters 4 - 8

Diagrams of bones and muscles will be on a separate test.

Types of Tissue  (Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle, Nervous Tissue)

I.   Epithelium  (Epithelial Tissue)

Squamous - flat

Cuboidal – cube shaped

Columnar – column shaped

Gland – secrete substances

II.   Connective Tissue

Loose fibrous connective tissue– covers and supports internal structures

Dense fibrous connective tissue – ligaments and tendons

Matrix – the noncellular portion of connective tissue

Fibroblasts – connective tissue cells

Adipose tissue – stores fat

 Cartilage – cells lie in lacunae, poor blood supply

            Hyaline  cartilage – precursor to bone

            Elastic cartilage – in outer ear

            Fibrocartilage – intervertebral disks, knees

 Bone – rigid connective, matrix has inorganic salts

            Compact bone – bone cells are in lacunae, matrix of rings call osteons

            Spongy bone – not as compact

Blood is classified as connective tissue

III.   Muscle

1. Skeletal muscle – voluntary, attached to bones, cause body to move, fibers are very long, appears striated. Multinucleated.
2. smooth muscle – visceral muscle, spindle shaped cells, smooth in appearance microscopically, not voluntary, in blood vessels, guts
3. cardiac muscle – heart muscle, appears striated but has intercalated disks, not under voluntary control

 IV.   Nervous tissue

Neuron – nerve cell

Myelin – coating of nerve fiber

Membranes

Mucous membranes – line tubes of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts; Secrete mucus

Serous membranes – line thoracic and peritoneal cavities and their organs, secrete watery "serous" fluid               

Synovial membranes – line joint cavities

Meninges – cover brain and spinal cord

Peritonitis – inflammation of peritoneal cavity (abdominal cavity)

Integument – skin and accessory organs

Regions of skin

Epidermis – stratified squamous epithelium, surface of skin, innervated but not vascular

Dermis – connective tissue beneath epidermis, has blood vessels, hair cells, glands, nerves

Subcutaneous  layer – beneath dermis, contains fat

Arrector pili – muscle that causes hair to stand up

   Melanocytes – pigment cells in epidermis

 Melanin – dark pigment

 Cyanosis – dark blue color of skin or mucous membranes when the hemoglobin is not well oxygenated

 Alopecia – hair loss

Burns

1^st degree burn – redness and swelling

2^nd degree burn – blisters

3^rd degree burn – full thickness.  Not painful because nerves are dead

rticular cartilage – hyaline cartilage that covers the opposing bone surfaces

Synovial fluid – fluid that fills the joint cavity

Articular capsule – joint capsule

Menisci – articular discs

Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

Bursitis – inflammation of bursa

Tendon sheath – elongated bursa around a tendon

Ligament – connects bone to bone

Tendon – connects muscle to bone

Origin – muscle’s attachment to the immovable bone

Insertion – muscle’s attachment to the movable bone

Flexion – decrease angle of joint

Extension – increases angle of joint

Abduction – move limb away from body

Adduction – move limb toward body

Supination – turn hand up

Pronation – turn hand down

Arthritis – inflammation or degeneration of joint

Osteoarthritis – “wear and tear” arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis – arthritis due to an autoimmune reaction/ crippling

Gout – inflammation due to deposits of uric acid.  Affects big toe.   Made worse by alcohol, or eating sardines, liver, and kidneys.

Lyme disease –  spread by ticks,

Muscles

  Skeletal muscle – voluntary, striated

Cardiac muscle – involuntary, striated, has intercalated discs

Smooth muscle -  visceral, nonstriated, involuntary

Sarcolemma – plasma membrane of muscle fiber

Myoglobin – red pigment in muscle

Actin and myosin – proteins that cause actual contraction

Action potential – electrical current

Acetylcholine – neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholinesterase – enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine when it is used up

Questions:

1.   What neurotransmitter causes depolarization of the sarcolemma?    (acetylcholine)

2.    What chemical actually directly causes muscle contraction? (calcium)

Rigor mortis is caused by a net inflow of calcium to the cell due to lack of ATP to pump it out.  This causes actin and myosin to bind.

 What chemical makes overworked muscles sore?  Lactic acid

  Disuse atrophy – degeneration and loss of muscle mass due to disuse

Peristalsis – gut movements

Borborigmus  - gut sounds

Fibromyalgia – chronic inflammation of muscles, tendons, and joints

Myalgia – muscle pain

Myopathy – muscle disease

Bone

 Diaphysis – shaft of long bone

 Epiphysis – end of long bone

 Epiphyseal plate – disc of hyaline cartilage where bone grows in length

Periosteum – outer covering of bone

Osteocyte – mature bone cell

Ossification – forming bone

Hyaline cartilage – tissue that bone forms from

Bone grows in length at the epiphyseal plate

Bone grows in width at the periosteum

Bone growth is stimulated by growth hormone

Excessive growth hormone – gigantism

Deficit of growth hormone – dwarfism

Epiphyseal plate closure is caused by sex hormones

Osteomalacia – bones are not adequately mineralized.  (adults)

Rickets – bones are not properly mineralized (children)

Causes of osteomalacia and rickets

            1.  calcium deficiency

            2.  lack of vitamin D

            3.  lack of sunshine (vitamin D)

            4.  Calcium/phosphorus imbalance in diet