Chapters 15 - 18

Digestive system

Saliva contains bicarbonate and salivary amylase (digest starch)

Teeth – 20 decidious teeth (baby teeth)

             32 adult teeth

dental caries – cavity

sphincter – muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves

  stomach –

            gastric glands – produce hydrochloric acid and pepsin

ulcer – damaged area in inner wall of stomach, usually caused by Helicobacter pylori

small intestine –

most digestion and absorption take place in small intestine

bile – made by liver, stored in gall bladder, bile duct brings bile to the small intestine / for fat digestion

large intestines

resorb water, bacteria in your intestines make vitamins

coliform bacteria polyps

vermiform appendix

Urinary system

Kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood.

Urine goes from the kidney, to the ureter, to the bladder, through the urethra, and out.

 Wastes removed by kidneys

1. urea – by product of amino acid metabolism
2. creatinine – from muscles
3.  uric acid – from breakdown of nucleotides  (excess causes gout)

 Kidneys excrete erythropoetin which stimulates red blood cell production

 How kidneys work:  

1. glomerular filtration – small molecules are removed from blood by kidneys
2. tubular resorption – molecules that are needed are put back into blood
3. tubular secretion – molecules that were not filtered out can be actively secreted.

 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – helps causes water resorption

When alcohol is used by a person, ADH is suppressed.  Thus the frequent urination.

 Atrial natruiretic hormone – hormone released by heart when blood pressure is too high, makes you urinate more.

Sexually transmitted disease

 Prevention

1. abstinence
2. monogamy
3. condoms (can break)

Chlamydia

1. bacteria  (must live in cell)
2. very common
3. can cause PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
4.  treated with antibiotics

Gonorrhea

1. bacteria
2. can cause blindness in babies born to infected mothers
3. treated with antibiotics

Genital Herpes

1. caused by herpes simplex 2
2. can spread when so symptoms appear
3. very painful

 Genital Warts

1. caused by papillomavirus
2. common cause of cancer of the cervix
3. vaccine is available

 Hepatitis

1. hepatitis A – raw sewage
2. hepatitis C – blood transfusion

 Hepatitis B

1. spread by sexual contact or through needle sharing
2. causes serious illness, liver failure, and death

 Trichomoniasis

1.       protozoan

2. green discharge 

Crabs (Pubic Lice)

1. an insect
2. transmitted by direct contact

AIDS

1. caused by human immunodeficiency virus
2. sexual contact
3. needle sharing
4. transfusion
5. mother to child

What is circumcision?  Removal of testicular foreskin

What is a vasectomy –  cutting of the vas deferens to prevent sperm transport

Male accessory glands – Seminal vesicles,    Prostrate,  Bulbourethral glands

  How many chromosomes do humans have?  (46, 23 pairs)

Ovarian follicle – sac-like structure on outside of ovary that contains oocyte

 Fallopian tubes =– carry egg from ovary to uterus; fertilization takes place here

 Ectopic pregnancy – pregnancy that is not in the correct place (tubal pregnancy)

What is a major cause of cervical cancer?  (human papilloma virus)

Endometrium - inner lining of uterus

 Vulva – female external genitalia

Mammary glands --      Modified sweat glands

 Areola – pigmented area around nipples

 Mammography – x-ray of mammary glands

 Lactation – milk production

 Colostrum – first milk, rich in antibodies and nutrients

Amenorrhea – stopping having periods

 Libido – sex drive

            In male- caused by testosterone

            In female – caused by androgens from the adrenal