Circulatory, Lymphatic, Respiratory

Chapters 12 - 14

Arteries – take blood away from the heart

Veins – return blood to the heart, have valves

Capillaries – allow exchange of material with tissues

Myocardium – heart muscle

Pericardium – sac around heart

Endocardium – inner surface of heart

Atrium – upper chambers of heart

Ventricles – lower chambers of heart

 Septum – wall that separates left and right side of heart

 Atrioventricular valves –

            Left – bicuspid or mitral

           Right – tricuspid

 Semilunar valves – pulmonary and aortic

Blood pressure –

Systolic pressure – highest number, happens when blood is ejected from heart

Diastolic pressure – lowest number, happens when heart is relaxed

Normal – 120/80

ECG = EKG = electrocardiogram – recording of electrical changes in the heart that occur during a cardiac cycle.

Test Question:  Describe the pathway of blood throughout the entire body.

Answer:

 Pathway of blood -

1.  Blood comes from vena cava (inferior and superior, also called caudal and anterior) into right atrium.

2.  Then to right ventrical

3.  Then to pulmonary arteries (still not oxygenated)

4.  To lungs

5.  Pulmonary veins

6.  Left atrium

7.  Left ventrical

8.  Aorta

9.  Systemic arteries

10. capillaries

11. veins

12.  Back to 1.

Because the left heart takes blood through the entire body, it is bigger and more muscular

Because the right takes blood only through the lungs, the muscles are smaller

 Blood

Serum – liquid portion of blood without the clotting factors.  (the blood has clotted)

Plasma – the liquid portion of blood

Formed elements – cells and platelets

 Plasma proteins – maintain osmotic pressure

1.       albumins – osmotic pressure, transport

2.       globulins – antibodies

3.       fibrinogen – clotting

 Red blood cells =  erythrocytes, transport oxygen, hemoglobin

 Anemia – insufficient number of red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin

Pernicious anemia – cannot absorb vitamin B12

Iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, protein deficiency, hemolysis, or blood loss can all cause anemia

Symptoms –  tired, run down feeling, short of breath

White blood cells   

Neutrophils  -  most abundant white cell, miltilobed nucleus, phagocytise pathogens

 Eosinophils – stain red, numbers increase in response to allergy or parasitism

 Basophils – stain blue, release histamine

 Monocytes – leave blood stream to go into cells to fight pathogens, become macrophages                

                       in tissues, phagocytise pathogens

 Lymphocytes – produce antibodies

  Platelets - Blood clotting

Lymphatic system

 Lymph vessels

1.       drain excess tissue fluid

2.       transport fats from digestive system to the blood

 Edema – accumulation of excess tissue fluid  (may be seen as swollen feet, etc)

 Lymph nodes – first line of defense against pathogens

 Spleen – filters blood, stores extra red cells

 Causes of heart disease – smoking, drug abuse, excess body weight, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, hypertension 

Hypertension – high blood pressure

 Thrombus – stationary blood clot

Embolus – blood clot that moves

Thromboembolism – blood clot that moved and then got stuck

 Myocardial infarction – heart attack, part of heart dies because there is a blockage in one of the coronary arteries.

 Angina pectoris – heart pain

 Aneurysm – ballooning of blood vessel, may break and cause death

 Stroke – cerebral vascular accident – may be blood clot in brain or bleeding in brain

 Congestive heart failure – heart no longer pumps blood adequately

 Varicose veins – dialated veins with damaged valves

Phlebitis – inflammation of a vein

Respiratory system

Larynx – voice box

Epiglottis – prevents food from entering trachea

Trachea – tube that takes air from larynx to lungs

 Alveoli – tiny sacules, end of bronchiole tree, place where air exchange takes place

 Surfactant – film of lipoprotein that lines lungs

 Respiratory rate is controlled in the medulla oblongata in the brain

 Otitis media – infection of middle ear, spread to ear from nasopharynx by way of the auditory tube.

 Bronchitis – infection of bronchi

Pneumonia – infection of bronchi and alveoli

 Tuberculosis – caused by Mycobacterium, causes nodules in lungs

Emphysema – chronic lung disease, alveoli are distended and damaged, caused by smoking

Asthma – bronchioles spasm

Lung cancer – often caused by smoking