Study Guide for Test 1 Anatomy and Physiology 1101

Read Chapters 1 - 3

Some questions for the test will be taken exactly from the workbook questions.

Some questions may come from lecture/class discussion.

The following terms and ideas should be studied and learned. Students who make flash cards from the following items and memorize them specifically will greatly benefit from doing so.

Homeostasis - maintaining a stable environment in the body

dorsal cavity - contains brain and spinal cord

ventral cavity - thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

viscera - organs

Directional terms 

posterior

distal

medial

anterior

proximal

superior

deep

 Cell Structure 

Cell Organelles

Plasma membrane – made of phospholipid, the outer layer of the cell

Cytoplasm - gel-like substance in the cell

Nucleus – DNA and RNA synthesis, storage of genetic material

 Ribosomes – protein synthesis

 Rough endoplasmic reticulum – a membrane involved with protein synthesis; rough because it has ribosomes on it

 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – a membrane involved with lipid synthesis, detoxicification in liver cells

 Golgi apparatus – packaging and transport

 Vacuole and vesicles – sacs to store and transport

 Lysosome – intracellular digestion

 Mitochondria – powerhouse of cell (cellular respiration)

 Cytoskeleton – shape of cell

Cilia – movement of cell, short structure

 Flagella – movement of cell, long structure

Movement of substances

Active transport - movement of subtances across cell membrane that requires the use of the cell's energy

Passive transport - movement of substance across cell membrane that does not require the use of the cell's energy

Diffusion – movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

 Osmosis – diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane (equalized concentration on both sides of membrane)

 Isotonic solution – no movement of water across membrane, same concentration as cell

 Hypertonic solution – water moves out of the cell, solution is too concentrated

 Hypotonic solution – water moves into the cell, solution too dilute

 Endocytosis – cell taking in particles

Phagocytosis - cell taking in solid particles (cellular "eating")

Pinocytosis - cell taking in liquid droplest (cellular "drinking)

 Exocytosis – cell sending out particles

Filtration - presuure pushes substance through a membrane

Mitosis - division of normal body cells

Meiosis - cell division to produce sperm and eggs

Stem cells - undifferentiated cells

tumor - lump of abnormal cells

benign - noncancerous

malignant - cancerous

metastasis - spreading of cancer cells

 Other terms about cells

Enzymes – speeds up a chemical reaction

 Coenzyme – helps enzymes work

Cellular respiration – the system in which cells turn glucose into usable energy (ATP)

 Yeast fermentation – by product is alcohol, used for beverages; performed by fungi, yeasts

Fermentation – anaerobic metabolism, produces lactate (lactic acid) in mammals

        The type of metabolism that we use to make energy for our muscles when the workload is greater than the oxygen supply.  Trained athletes are conditioned to keep their oxygen supply higher. 

Lactic acid buildup causes muscle soreness. 

Microorganisms pg 79 - 82