1114 Study Guide for Test 4

Larynx – voice box

Epiglottis – prevents food from entering trachea

Trachea – tube that takes air from larynx to lungs

Alveoli – tiny sacules, end of bronchiole tree, place where air exchange takes place

Surfactant – film of lipoprotein that lines lungs

Respiratory rate is controlled in the medulla oblongata in the brain

Otitis media – infection of middle ear, spread to ear from nasopharynx by way of the auditory tube.

Bronchitis – infection of bronchi

Pneumonia – infection of bronchi and alveoli

Tuberculosis – caused by Mycobacterium, causes nodules in lungs

Emphysema – chronic lung disease, alveoli are distended and damaged, caused by smoking

Asthma – bronchioles spasm

Lung cancer – often caused by smoking

What are possible problems that use of tobacco products cause? Is smokeless tobacco safe? Why?

Hard palate

Soft palate

Uvula    -  what is it?

Tonsils   -  what are they?

Adenoids  -  what are they?

Saliva contains bicarbonate and salivary amylase (digest starch)

Teeth – 20 decidious teeth (baby teeth)

             32 adult teeth

dental caries – cavity

pharynx

nasopharynx

sphincter – muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves

Walls of digestive tract

1. mucosa – epithelium, lines the lumen (inside)
2. submucosa – contains blood vessels, lymph nodules
3. muscularis – 2 layers of muscle
4. serosa – outer layer of gut

stomach –

            gastric glands – produce hydrochloric acid and pepsin

ulcer – damaged area in inner wall of stomach, usually caused by Helicobacter pylori

chyme – partially digested food that leaves stomach

small intestine –

villi – fingerlike projections that increase absorptive area of small intestine

microvilli – microscopic extensions off of the villi, increasing the surface area even more

most digestion and absorption take place in small intestine

bile – made by liver, stored in gall bladder, bile duct brings bile to the small intestine

          bile emulsifies fat

lacteal – lymphatic capillary in intestine that absorbs fats

large intestines

resorb water, make vitamins

coliform bacteria

polyps

vermiform appendix

peristalsis – waves of muscular movement that cause food to move along digestive tracts

borborigmus (singular borborigmi) – gut sounds

(This was not in your book, but it should have been)

hemorrhoids  - inflamed, enlarged veins in anus

pancreas

endocrine – produces insulin and glucagons

exocrine – produces pancreatic enzymes

liver

uses of liver

jaundice – yellow color

hepatitis – inflammation of liver

cirrhosis – scarring of liver, often due to alcohol abuse

Read about eating disorders.  Know what they are and causes.

Renal system

Kidneys filter metabolic wastes and toxins from blood. 

Anatomy.

Bean shaped

Hilum is the medial surface that leads into the internal space

Adrenal gland sits on top of kidney

Kidneys are retroperitoneal   - this means they are outside of the peritoneal cavity

Covered with:  fibrous capsule

                         Perirenal fat capsule

                         Renal fascia

Internal anatomy  pg 1000  be able to label a picture with a word bank

Cortex

Medulla

Renal artery

Renal vein

Renal pelvis

Nephron – structural and functional unit of the kidney   

Consist of:

• Glomerulus – capillaries
• Renal tubule –
• Glomerular capsule

Renal corpuscle -  glomerular capsule and glomerulus

Physiology of urine formation:

1.  Glomerular filtration

• High pressure in afferent (incoming) arterioles forces water and chemicals such as glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes out.
• Bigger stuff, like protein can’t pass out
• Proteins maintain the osmotic pressure in the arteriole

2. Tubular reabsorption

• Glucose, amino acids, ions are resorbed
• Sodium is actively resorbed
• Water, chloride, bicarb, follow the sodium
• Urea, creatinine, and uric acid are not resorbed

3.  Tubular secretion

• Stuff that is not needed is actively transported back out
• Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, drugs, bicarb
•  

  Osmolality – the number of particles dissolved in 1 kg of water. 

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  - prevents excessive water loss

ADH is inhibited by alcohol consumption

Diuretic – chemical that increases urinary output

Diabetics urinated excessively because glucose that spills over into the glomerular filtrate osmotically draws water along with it.

Pg 1021

Urine physical characteristics

Should be clear to deep yellow

Pigment due to hemoglobin breakdown

pH should be around 6

Specific gravity 1.001 – 1.035

Specific gravity tells how concentrated it is.  If a person is dehydrated, then their urine should be concentrated or have a high specific gravity.  If they have a low specific gravity in the face of dehydration, then there is a problem.

Ureters -  tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Renal calculi – kidney stones.   May be in kidney, ureter, or urethra  (pg 1024)

Urinary bladder –

Trigone area – area with three openings.  One for each ureter.   One for the urethra

Three layered wall.

• Mucosa – has transitional epithelium
• Muscular layer – detrusor muscle
• Fibrous adventia – outer layer

Urethra -  tube that allows urine to be emptied from bladder.

Internal urethral sphincter – involuntary, holds urine in

External urethral sphincter – voluntary

Pg 1026 – read about homeostatic imbalance

Micturition – urination

Incontinence – urinating involuntarily

Urinary retention – bladder doesn’t empty completely

Pg 1030 – 1031  terms.